Cayman Arenobufagin, (3?,5?,11?)-3,11,14-Trihydroxy-12-Oxo-Bufa-2

Apocynin is an acetophenone originally isolated from P. kurroa that has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.^, It inhibits glucose production in H-4-II-E-C3 cells (IC₅₀ = 25 µM). Apocynin inhibits the production of superoxide anions induced by PMA (Item No. ) in isolated human leukocytes in a concentration-dependent manner. It increases nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability in rat carotid arterial rings isolated from spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone (SHRSP) rats when used at concentrations of 0.3 or 3 mM. Apocynin (5 mg/kg) reduces lung injury and pulmonary TNF-α and IL-1β levels in a mouse model of pleurisy induced by carrageenan. It inhibits IκBα degradation and reduces NF-κB p65 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein levels in the same model. Formulations containing apocynin have been used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, bronchial asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

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